The current - or at least more modern - attempts to discredit the historicity of the Torah and Nach are mostly a backlash against the dominant Christian influence over a good portion of the world over the last 1,500 years. A skeptic may very well claim that archaeology, etc. cannot prove the miracles enumerated in the Tanach, but they cannot claim that the scenes, settings, and characters of the Tanach are lacking external evidence.

As influential and respected as the Patriarchs were, why should anyone assume that they would have left steles or other things identifying themselves for posterity? They were three men amongst millions of others in the world at the time. You shouldn't expect to find extensive records or belongings. You should, however, expect contemporary records of the Kings of Judah and Israel. And this is precisely what archaeologists have found.

The time from about a century after David and onward is full of finds references the kings and kingdoms of Judah and Israel. Two of the more local finds - one in Dan and one in Dibon - feature references to the Kingdom of Judah, except they do not refer to the kingdom by that name but rather refer to it as Beit David (the House of David). Both of these - one from an Aramaean king the other from the Moabite king, Mesha - date to just a century after David's death (using secular dating).

It's worth pointing out that there is a discrepency of 163 years between secular dating and the Hebrew calendar. As the second article Sophiee posted says, using the Hebrew dating Joseph would have been born around 1562 BCE and died around 1442 BCE. Moses would have been born 1393 BCE and died 1273 BCE. However, taking 586 BCE as the destruction of the Temple (using secular dating) puts Joseph's live between 1725 BCE and 1605 BCE, and Moses' live between 1556 BCE and 1436 BCE, putting his birth and early life at a time when the last two kings of the Seventeenth dynasty and the first king of the Eighteenth were initiating a war agains the so-called Hyksos, and began the process of unifying upper and lower Egypt.